Advice comes from Robert Hoberman (private interaction). So it is apparently broadly associate of your Jewish languages regarding a great many other locations associated with the area also, together with Aqra and you may Rawanduz.
Yet not, inside dialect you will find an extremely uncommon transform off h to help you h on 3rd individual only 1 possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The language of your own Jews of Iranian Azerbaijan, and groups for the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you will Yuksekova. Information is of Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): What of the Jews out-of Halabja into Iran-Iraq border. This is very close to the Jewish dialects of your most other metropolitan areas of your area, along with Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you may Panjwin. Information arises from my cards.
We shall compare such languages pertaining to twenty-five phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and lexical criteria. After the Hetzron (1976, 98), i’ve picked just innovations while the criteria for category. I’ve chose a disproportionate level of morphological criteria, therefore we will give them special lbs, once more after the Hetzron, but other shared innovations will be considered as well.
Note plus the harder conservation and also installation from during the Koy Sanjaq claimed of the Hoberman (1985)
As we examine new languages off NENA we will you will need to influence new the total amount that new languages express a definite trend and therefore differs from Turoyo and Mandaic. Meanwhile, we’re going to select packages regarding isoglosses in this NENA.
(1) Be concerned is generally penultimate in every new NA languages, also Turoyo and you can Mandaic yet not in the three easternmost Jewish dialects, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which worry the past syllable. Such dialects seem, in this way, such as additional (Garbell 1965), to display an unusually strong influence away from Kurdish.
(2) Most of the NENA dialects possess combined h and you can x. From inside the Hertevin the result is h, and every-where more it’s x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]a great ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
One another Turoyo and you will Mandaic preserve independent h and x. Some NENA languages have reintroduced h since the a credit out of Kurdish otherwise Arabic or out of Traditional Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) Although not, new passed down language constantly shows x. Such as for instance https://datingranking.net/it/gli-agricoltori-appuntamenti-siti/, when you look at the Tisqopa you’ll find borrowed Arabic terms, including sahabi ‘friend’, that have h, but inherited terminology for example laxma ‘bread’ consistently let you know x. (6)
(3) All of the NENA languages except Hertevin and Zakho have forfeit most instances away from passed on. For example, in Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ corresponding to Syriac arb an excellent and you will afra. Inside the Hertevin plus Zakho, inherited is frequently ?: Hertevin so?a ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?la ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you will Alon 1979, 189). In a lot of almost every other languages some are managed because ?, and you will, from the people, is fully gone totally. Certain languages keeps reintroduced borrowed from Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Eg, Halabja enjoys ayza ‘good’.
(4) In before languages out of Aramaic, as in Tiberian Hebrew, t turned into [Theta] once good vowel. This alternation could have been lexicalized inside NENA, that have sometimes t or [Theta] distribute as a result of entire paradigms, if or not preceded by the a beneficial vowel or perhaps not. Eg, inside Aradhin the new verb ‘come’ now has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, in addition to [Theta]e:la ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Further, in certain dialects new phoneme [Theta] enjoys gone through most alter. In a few languages [Theta] has actually matched to t, plus in others it is s if not l.(7) In a single dialect, Jilu, it’s become h immediately after which been erased but at start of a keyword. The three easternmost Jewish dialects display this new surprising move from [Theta] to a single. The outcomes of those alter is visible throughout the keyword ‘house’ and therefore seems in various dialects given that feel:[Thetgood]a good (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and besa (Sanandaj Christian).
